Phylum SARCODINA

Protozoans: shell given the name  TEST

Introduction:
1.  simplest & most primitive members of animal kingdom

   protos - first   zoon - animal

2.  range - Cambrian to Recent
3.  generally small - 1 micron to 19cm
4.  consist of a single cell
  cytoplasm; nucleus; cell wall; vacuoles
  motion by cilia, flagellum, or pseudopodia
5.  water, waste, and 0₂ distributed by osmosis
6.  lack systems, but are completely independent organisms (organelles)
7.  mostly solitary, but a few are colonial in protoplasm matrix
8.  feed on other protozoans and microscopic plants, plus organic debris
  some parasitic
9.  reproduction asexual or sexual - alternation of generations.  Often produce
  spores (resting stages)
10. many have some kind of external protection - hard parts
          silica - Radiolarians
          chiton (tectin)
          agglutinated material
          calcium carbonate
11. inhabit fresh, brackish, salt water, moist earth, digestive & circulatory systems
major food supply of oceans
13.  important rock formers locally
  Globigerina and radiolarian oozes
  fusulinid Ls of Penn. - Perm.
  chalks of Cretaceous & Tertiary
  Salem Ls of Indiana (Endothyrid forams)
14. very important as index fossils - especially in the petroleum industry

ORDER FORAMINIFERA
1.  possess netlike pseudopodia (extensions of protoplasm)
2.  make up 2 ¹/₂% of all know animals, fossil or living;
  88% of the forams known as fossils
3.  mostly benthonic; shallow water to 30,000'
4.  some adapted planktonic habit in the Jurassic
  (vacuolated protoplasm, spines, reduction of S. G.)
5.  density to 2,500 per cm² on sea floor

Skeletal features       Shell termed a TEST

1. Allogromids: Tectin - proteinaceous substance resembling
  chiton (C-Hol)
2. Textularids:  Arenaceous (agglutinated) - tests of foreign
  material.  May be highly selective as to type of material
  cements calcareous, siliceous, ferruginous (C - HOL)
3.  Calcareous -
  Rotalina: Hyaline (perforate) - (Permian - Hol)
            glassy, hole-bearing (perforate), calcite and/or
            aragonite arranged in one or more layers
      Miliolina: Porcellanous (imperforate) - (Miss - Hol)
            chalky, lack holes, tiny calcite needles, calcite xls
            parallel to outer surface layer, smooth, shiny, milky
            white surface
     Fusulinina: Microgranular  - (Ord - Tr)
            randomly arranged, equidimensional grains of calcite
            sugary appearance.   See P. 82 of Boardman/Cheetham/Rowell

Location and shape of aperture   Shape of test
figure 2.3 (Moore. et al.)   figure 2.5 (Easton)
figure 2.6 (Easton)
Ornamentation
Perforate
Imperforate
smooth surface - ornamentation
costae - ribs or ridges
granules or nodes
spines - usually planktonic
flanges
pits
reticulate - network of fine lines

Test size
micro - 0.001mm
small - few chambers (0.4mm)
larger - many chambers (2mm and larger)

Dimorphism - 2 body forms in the same species
megalospheric - asexual, few chambers, large proloculus; small test
microspheric - sexual, many chambers, small proloculus; large test
alteration of generations

Key to Superfamilies
I.  Test arenaceous  (Cambrian to Recent)
     A.  Non-chambered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Astrorhizicae

     B.  Chambered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lituolicae

    II.  Test Calcareous
     A.  Mostly imperforate, non hyaline
   1.  discoid to fusiform, granular . . . .  Endothyricae
   2.  Milioline, porcelanous . . . . . . . . . Miliolicae
     B.  Mostly perforate, hyaline

1. chambers tend to lie in linear or planispiral series,